As commented, you were missing the save call in the test.
That means that the change is only in the runtime object returned by getEditable()
getEditable() and since get()
get() and getEditable()
getEditable() do not share the static cache, you didn't see the change.
The correct code:
function testCron() {
$config = \Drupal::service('config.factory')->getEditable('mymodule.settings');
$config
->set('some_setting', 'some value')
->set('another_setting', 'another value')
->save();
\Drupal::service('cron')->run();
}