With Drush:

drush php-eval 'node_access_rebuild();'

With Drupal Console:

drupal node:access:rebuild

With Drush:

drush php-eval 'node_access_rebuild();'

If you have a lot of nodes you should probably batch it:

drush php-eval 'node_access_rebuild($batch_mode = TRUE)'

With Drupal Console:

drupal node:access:rebuild

Docs: node_access_rebuild()

With Drush:

drush php-eval 'node_access_rebuild();'

With Drupal Console:

drupal node:access:rebuild

Which is of course similar to Chamil's answer, but accessible and copy pastable :)

With Drush:

drush php-eval 'node_access_rebuild();'

With Drupal Console:

drupal node:access:rebuild