Assuming you're using Layout Builder on a Node, and you're using "overrides" to allow each content to have it's own unique layout, the data you're looking for is in the node__layout_builder__layout
table. You can look there and see that it stores a reference to the "ID" of the entity, and the UUID of the content. So, in the case of a block, because you may have deleted the instance, it will fail to find the UUID of this block content, and display the warning message.
I figured this would make a good contrib project, so I've created "Layout Builder Block Sanitizer", and released a dev version that allows you to go to a form, type in a node ID, and it will scan each section on that node automatically for "block_content" that no longer exists, and remove it. Let me know if this helps out. As I've noted on the project page, this could definitely scale up and improve quite a bit from the current state, but should possibly help you out in this situation.
Check out the project here: https://www.drupal.org/project/layout_builder_block_sanitizer