So, ubuntu doesn't come with LAMP out of the box but it's super easy to set up with sudo apt-get. Checkout howtoforge.com or any tutorial on setting up a LAMP server.
The basics you will need are: Mysql (or your db of choice), php, and apache (or your web server of choice). You can download and install all of these free, but you'll do most of this from the command line, so I would school up if you're not comfortable Ubuntu LAMP set up. You'll have to set up the Mysql server manually, but there are also some GUI tools you can download.
No, you don't need any tools that you didn't mention. You MIGHT like a text editor like komodo and some gui tools like Mysql workbench.
Ubuntu Desktop and Server have a designated html folder it will be in
/var/www/html
Where it gets tricky for someone who isn't familiar with the environment is that you need to configure your folder and file permissions for the /var/www/html folder. It has to be owned and readable to the apache or your webserver user.
This here is a good tutorial, it will get you where you need to go.Ubuntu Drupal
Finally, you could also stick with acquia devdesktop on windows, most of the tools you mention can be ported to windows and there are also plenty of tutorials on how to turn a ubuntu machine into a dev box. Learning on ubuntu will be good, because you'll learn about the environment your site is probably going to live on.