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Setting cache max-age to 0 doesn't work if you still have the core module Internal Page Cache enabled.
Read the documentation why you probably want to disable this module or deliver the block with a different method:
Websites that serve personalized content to anonymous users (dynamic,
per-session, e.g. a shopping cart) will want to disable the Internal
...
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Usually you restrict a block to a Content Type, Pages or Roles (or a mix of them) when placing the block in the block edit dialog - see https://www.drupal.org/docs/core-modules-and-themes/core-modules/block-module/managing-blocks
Still, this will not handle caching for your dynamic block content.
If you want to make this "switch" in your build ...
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You can alter the permission used to access a route, as described in Altering existing routes and adding new routes based on dynamic ones. In the specific case, the code used in alterRoutes(RouteCollection $collection) would be the following one.
Since the administer site performance permission is a custom one, it needs to be added as new permission by the ...
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