You're right, there is no such event like "While editing an existing node". Probably because an event is something that takes like a fraction of a second, while editing may take minutes (hopefully not hours!).
However, you might get it to work by implementing an "edit-in-progress" (= EIP) feature using the Flag module, combined with using the Rules module. Similar to what I described in my answer to "Can the Flag module be used to lock content while editing to prevent concurrent edits?" (BTW, that question is a variation of yours, I don't think it's a duplicate though ...).
After you'd have such EIP-flag available, it should be straight forward to use it in appropriate Rules to "restrict/disable access to certain fields" (eg based on a data comparison to validate selected field values (using their before and after save values).