Database update doesn't work after update from 9.2 to 9.3

Question

I have unfortunately not found anything that seems to solve my issue. My Google-fu may be defunct.

I have upgraded a Drupal site from 9.2 to 9.3. This works as expected with composer (I use drupal/core-recommended). But when I proceed to update the database with drush updb, it fails with the following error:

[previous output excluded for brevity]
>  [notice] Update started: user_post_update_update_roles
>  [error]  Render context is empty, because render() was called outside of a renderRoot() or renderPlain() call. Use renderPlain()/renderRoot() or #lazy_builder/#pre_render instead. 
>  [error]  Update failed: user_post_update_update_roles 
 [error]  Update aborted by: user_post_update_update_roles 
 [error]  Finished performing updates.

Using /update.php results in this error:

user modul
Opdatér update_roles

    Mislykket: LogicException: Render context is empty, because render() was called outside of a renderRoot() or renderPlain() call. Use renderPlain()/renderRoot() or #lazy_builder/#pre_render instead. i Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (linje 245 af .../web/core/lib/Drupal/Core/Render/Renderer.php).

I unfortunately haven't been able to find anything that solves the issue, and since I am still fairly new to drupal, I might not know how to google it properly.

It should be noted that there are a bunch of custom modules made by my job, and the highest currently supported version is (unfortunately) 9.3.x, so upgrading to 9.4 as of writing this is a no-no (planning to upgrade the modules, of course).

I have updated the database for every patch release update without failure; this started as soon as I updated to 9.3.0 with the following command:

composer require drupal/core-recommended:9.3.0 drupal/core-composer-scaffold:9.3.0 drupal/core-project-message:9.3.0 --update-with-all-dependencies

I have updated all the patch releases in 9.2 like so:

composer update drupal/core-recommended:9.2.[insert patch release here]

All of them followed by a drush updb && drush cr.

Other possibly relevant information:

• PHP 7.4 CLI (8.0 in Apache)
• Apache 2.4.54
• MariaDB 10.6.11
• Debian 11.5
• Drush 10.3.6

I thank you in advance. If you need more information, please do say and I will update the question.

Answer 1

As @4uk4 said, it was two of the custom modules that called render().

You may get this error if your module uses something like this in Drupal 9:

$view = \Drupal::service('renderer')->render($view);

This can be fixed by changing it to this:

$view = \Drupal::service('renderer')->renderPlain($view);